Virus Safety in Continuous Processes

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Managing Quality and Regulatory Risks in Pharmaceutical Technology Transfer

Technology transfer moves more than manufacturing instructions. It moves process knowledge, supplier dependencies, labeling requirements, packaging specifications, and the evidence needed to demonstrate control. For medical device manufacturers, including those supporting drug-device combination products, these interfaces can become recurring sources of compliance gaps during site transitions, acquisitions, and remediation. The central problem is often not a missing procedure. It is a quality system that allows connected activities to change independently. A label revision may be approved while packaging artwork, supplier instructions, or production-system data still reflect an obsolete version. Staying inspection-ready requires manufacturers to manage these dependencies as one controlled system. Why Compliance Gaps Keep Recurring Findings are treated as documentation defects Revising a procedure can resolve an immediate discrepancy without changing the behavior that caused it. If unclear decision rights, weak escalation, or ineffective training remain, the same failure may surface elsewhere. Corrective and preventive action should distinguish the observed finding from its underlying cause and establish how effectiveness will be demonstrated. Ownership is divided across connected functions Quality, Regulatory Affairs, labeling, packaging engineering, operations, suppliers, and digital-system owners often maintain separate workflows. Each team may complete its assigned task while an interface remains uncontrolled. For example, changing an instruction for use can affect packaging configuration, translations, technical documentation, inventory disposition, and release controls. Transitions expose unresolved weaknesses Acquisitions and site transfers can introduce conflicting procedures, incomplete knowledge transfer, or different assumptions about validated processes. Regulatory changes add further demands. When these events coincide with CAPA or change-control backlogs, teams may prioritize administrative closure over risk reduction. Without a coordinated impact assessment, local fixes can create new gaps downstream. Establish the Regulatory Baseline Inspection readiness starts with knowing which requirements apply to the product, activity, and market. Pharmaceutical, device, and combination-product obligations are not interchangeable; transfer planning should identify the applicable requirements rather than assume one quality framework covers every operation. According to FDA’s Quality Management System Regulation overview and FAQs, the QMSR became effective on February 2, 2026, incorporates ISO 13485:2016 by reference, and introduced the updated device inspection process under Compliance Program 7382.850. ISO 13485 certification does not exempt a manufacturer from FDA inspection or guarantee compliance with FDA requirements. For devices marketed in the European Union, Regulation (EU) 2017/745, Annex I, Section 23, provides the primary requirements for information supplied with devices, including labels and instructions for use. Teams should assess the applicable provisions alongside relevant language, product-specific, and market requirements. A labeling review should therefore evaluate required content and consistency with the device’s intended purpose and supporting documentation—not merely artwork accuracy. How to Identify the Real Gaps Begin with a cross-functional assessment that follows actual product and information flows. Select representative transfers, label changes, supplier changes, and CAPAs, then trace each from initiation through implementation and effectiveness review. Map dependencies: Identify affected specifications, suppliers, packaging components, systems, validation activities, and training. Compare records with practice: Check whether approved procedures match what operators and reviewers actually do. Test traceability: Follow a requirement through technical documentation, labeling, production instructions, and release evidence. Examine recurrence: Look for repeated deviations, reopened actions, overdue changes, and findings shared across sites. Assess capacity: Determine whether qualified owners have enough time and authority to complete corrective work. Prioritize gaps by potential patient or user harm, regulatory impact, likelihood of recurrence, and detectability. Document the rationale; an old overdue item is not automatically more important than a newly identified high-risk weakness. Align Quality, Labeling, Packaging, and Change Control Create a coordinated remediation plan with one accountable owner for each action, named contributors, acceptance criteria, and required evidence. Separate immediate containment from systemic correction. Containment might prevent obsolete labels from being issued; correction might redesign approval and implementation controls so obsolete versions cannot return. Use change control as the integration point. Before approval, evaluate effects on regulatory submissions or notifications, technical documentation, supplier controls, packaging performance, validation, electronic master data, inventory, and training. Record both identified impacts and justified decisions that particular activities are unaffected. During technology transfer, define readiness gates before production or release responsibilities move. These should address the transfer of process knowledge, acceptance criteria, receiving-site capability, required qualification or validation, approved documents, and personnel competence. The appropriate evidence depends on the product and process; a generic checklist cannot replace a documented assessment. Finally, verify implementation where the work happens. Confirm that current instructions are available, suppliers received approved requirements, systems contain correct versions, and affected personnel can perform their tasks. A signed approval is not evidence that every downstream change took effect. Mistakes That Undermine Inspection Readiness Closing CAPAs on task completion alone: Effectiveness checks should test whether the underlying failure has been controlled. Updating labels in isolation: Assess packaging, supplier, system, documentation, and inventory consequences. Counting closures instead of evidence: Dashboards need defensible records behind their status indicators. ...
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Virus safety is a key element in biopharmaceutical manufacturing. Inherently, animal cell culture involves risks related to virus safety. Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell lines are the most common production platform for expressing glycosylated proteins and monoclonal antibodies. Being from rodent origin, CHO cell lines may contain endogenous retroviruses or retrovirus-like particles. Additional virus safety risks come from the possibility of the cell culture being contaminated by adventitious viruses. As a consequence, the regulatory expectation for manufacturing platforms is to demonstrate the ability to remove or inactivate a wide range of viruses to minimize the impact of viruses on patient safety.

Virus inactivation (VI) is one of the key elements in providing virus safety. It targets enveloped viruses that may be present in the product feed, typically the eluate from the Protein A chromatography step. A widely accepted solution is the exposure to low pH conditions (e.g., pH 3 – 3.6) by acidifying the solution with acetic acid and maintained at that low pH for a specific length of time (typically 60 minutes).

There are various approaches for continuous VI. One approach that is being explored by the bioprocessing field relies on a plug flow contactor. In this concept the pH of the eluted monoclonal antibody is lowered in-line as it enters a tubular plug flow contactor. The length of the tubular plug flow contactor is chosen such that it provides the required residence time for the inactivation process. Challenges with the plug flow concept include scale-down validation, managing concentration gradients in the process, and managing process disturbances and upsets. In addition to this, forward processing often requires homogeneous process conditions.

Pall’s approach for continuous VI relies on repetitive batch inactivation instead. The failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) approach taken when designing and developing Pall’s Cadence® VI system suggested that the product risks and process risks are not significantly different with this approach than in the batch equivalent. Pall’s continuous VI concept relies on the same approach as in the well-known batch VI process and as a result the critical process parameters (CPPs) are also identical. This approach eliminates many uncertainties in scale-down validation, and it provides homogeneous process conditions for forward processing. Pall’s Cadence® VI system has the potential to be used for both, low pH VI as well as solvent/detergent VI.

Virus retention filtration is the last step in providing virus safety in the downstream processing of monoclonal antibodies. It serves to remove viruses by size and is specifically designed to target small viruses. The virus filtration step is generally assumed to have no impact on any other quality attribute and hence the critical process parameters are exclusively related to the virus removal.

In a fully integrated continuous downstream processing platform, the virus retention filtration is performed at constant flow, whereas the common procedure for batch virus filtration is to run the process at constant pressure. Furthermore, unlike batch processing where the output from the previous step is pooled prior to virus filtration, it is possible that the feed to the virus filter in a continuous process has variabilities in protein concentration/pH/conductivity etc. These variabilities are a consequence of the nature of the prior step (eg. chromatography column eluate). If a surge vessel is used between these unit operations, that could be sized to provide a homogenous feed to the virus filtration step. However, if a surge vessel is not employed, the variation in protein concentration/pH/conductivity on virus removal performance needs to be risk assessed. If prior knowledge is not available, these variables may need to be included in a virus clearance study.

During the process, the virus retention filter accumulates viruses and some protein inside the tortuous flow path. Consequently, one would normally see a decay in flux during the batch virus filtration step. This flux decay is a result of a gradual increase in resistance of the filter. In continuous processing, this will translate into an increase in pressure differential across the filter. Provided that the virus validation studies are carried out such that both the minimum and maximum pressures are studied, the data will be representative for the continuous process as well. The critical process parameters for continuous virus filtration therefore would translate into the maximum volume to be processed (similar as in batch virus filtration) and the maximum back pressure that can be accepted (equivalent to the flux decay in the batch virus filtration process). These CPPs can be investigated using constant pressure and – provided that the study design covers the entire operating range of the virus filtration step – the results apply to a constant flow process.

An additional factor that needs to be considered in selecting an adequate virus filter and designing the virus filtration step is its capability of handling process interruptions. This is something that may have to be considered for every step in the continuous downstream processing platform, but it may be more critical for virus filtration. The reason for this is that not all virus retention filters tolerate process interruptions equally well. In some filters, release of the transmembrane pressure and/or process interruptions can affect the virus removal capability of the filter as a result of so-called back-diffusion.

Author Details:

Name: Denis Kole

Title: Principal Scientist, Scientific and Laboratory Services

Department: Pall Biotech

Website: https://www.pall.com/en/biotech.html

About Pall Corporation: 

Pall Corporation is a filtration, separation and purification leader providing solutions to meet the critical fluid management needs of customers across the broad spectrum of life sciences and industry. Pall works with customers to advance health, safety and environmentally responsible technologies. The Company’s engineered products enable process and product innovation and minimize emissions and waste.

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Managing Quality and Regulatory Risks in Pharmaceutical Technology Transfer

Technology transfer moves more than manufacturing instructions. It moves process knowledge, supplier dependencies, labeling requirements, packaging specifications, and the evidence needed to demonstrate control. For medical device manufacturers, including those supporting drug-device combination products, these interfaces can become recurring sources of compliance gaps during site transitions, acquisitions, and remediation. The central problem is often not a missing procedure. It is a quality system that allows connected activities to change independently. A label revision may be approved while packaging artwork, supplier instructions, or production-system data still reflect an obsolete version. Staying inspection-ready requires manufacturers to manage these dependencies as one controlled system. Why Compliance Gaps Keep Recurring Findings are treated as documentation defects Revising a procedure can resolve an immediate discrepancy without changing the behavior that caused it. If unclear decision rights, weak escalation, or ineffective training remain, the same failure may surface elsewhere. Corrective and preventive action should distinguish the observed finding from its underlying cause and establish how effectiveness will be demonstrated. Ownership is divided across connected functions Quality, Regulatory Affairs, labeling, packaging engineering, operations, suppliers, and digital-system owners often maintain separate workflows. Each team may complete its assigned task while an interface remains uncontrolled. For example, changing an instruction for use can affect packaging configuration, translations, technical documentation, inventory disposition, and release controls. Transitions expose unresolved weaknesses Acquisitions and site transfers can introduce conflicting procedures, incomplete knowledge transfer, or different assumptions about validated processes. Regulatory changes add further demands. When these events coincide with CAPA or change-control backlogs, teams may prioritize administrative closure over risk reduction. Without a coordinated impact assessment, local fixes can create new gaps downstream. Establish the Regulatory Baseline Inspection readiness starts with knowing which requirements apply to the product, activity, and market. Pharmaceutical, device, and combination-product obligations are not interchangeable; transfer planning should identify the applicable requirements rather than assume one quality framework covers every operation. According to FDA’s Quality Management System Regulation overview and FAQs, the QMSR became effective on February 2, 2026, incorporates ISO 13485:2016 by reference, and introduced the updated device inspection process under Compliance Program 7382.850. ISO 13485 certification does not exempt a manufacturer from FDA inspection or guarantee compliance with FDA requirements. For devices marketed in the European Union, Regulation (EU) 2017/745, Annex I, Section 23, provides the primary requirements for information supplied with devices, including labels and instructions for use. Teams should assess the applicable provisions alongside relevant language, product-specific, and market requirements. A labeling review should therefore evaluate required content and consistency with the device’s intended purpose and supporting documentation—not merely artwork accuracy. How to Identify the Real Gaps Begin with a cross-functional assessment that follows actual product and information flows. Select representative transfers, label changes, supplier changes, and CAPAs, then trace each from initiation through implementation and effectiveness review. Map dependencies: Identify affected specifications, suppliers, packaging components, systems, validation activities, and training. Compare records with practice: Check whether approved procedures match what operators and reviewers actually do. Test traceability: Follow a requirement through technical documentation, labeling, production instructions, and release evidence. Examine recurrence: Look for repeated deviations, reopened actions, overdue changes, and findings shared across sites. Assess capacity: Determine whether qualified owners have enough time and authority to complete corrective work. Prioritize gaps by potential patient or user harm, regulatory impact, likelihood of recurrence, and detectability. Document the rationale; an old overdue item is not automatically more important than a newly identified high-risk weakness. Align Quality, Labeling, Packaging, and Change Control Create a coordinated remediation plan with one accountable owner for each action, named contributors, acceptance criteria, and required evidence. Separate immediate containment from systemic correction. Containment might prevent obsolete labels from being issued; correction might redesign approval and implementation controls so obsolete versions cannot return. Use change control as the integration point. Before approval, evaluate effects on regulatory submissions or notifications, technical documentation, supplier controls, packaging performance, validation, electronic master data, inventory, and training. Record both identified impacts and justified decisions that particular activities are unaffected. During technology transfer, define readiness gates before production or release responsibilities move. These should address the transfer of process knowledge, acceptance criteria, receiving-site capability, required qualification or validation, approved documents, and personnel competence. The appropriate evidence depends on the product and process; a generic checklist cannot replace a documented assessment. Finally, verify implementation where the work happens. Confirm that current instructions are available, suppliers received approved requirements, systems contain correct versions, and affected personnel can perform their tasks. A signed approval is not evidence that every downstream change took effect. Mistakes That Undermine Inspection Readiness Closing CAPAs on task completion alone: Effectiveness checks should test whether the underlying failure has been controlled. Updating labels in isolation: Assess packaging, supplier, system, documentation, and inventory consequences. Counting closures instead of evidence: Dashboards need defensible records behind their status indicators. ...

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