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Balancing Safety And Sustainability In Pharma Packaging

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Technology transfer moves more than manufacturing instructions. It moves process knowledge, supplier dependencies, labeling requirements, packaging specifications, and the evidence needed to demonstrate control. For medical device manufacturers, including those supporting drug-device combination products, these interfaces can become recurring sources of compliance gaps during site transitions, acquisitions, and remediation. The central problem is often not a missing procedure. It is a quality system that allows connected activities to change independently. A label revision may be approved while packaging artwork, supplier instructions, or production-system data still reflect an obsolete version. Staying inspection-ready requires manufacturers to manage these dependencies as one controlled system. Why Compliance Gaps Keep Recurring Findings are treated as documentation defects Revising a procedure can resolve an immediate discrepancy without changing the behavior that caused it. If unclear decision rights, weak escalation, or ineffective training remain, the same failure may surface elsewhere. Corrective and preventive action should distinguish the observed finding from its underlying cause and establish how effectiveness will be demonstrated. Ownership is divided across connected functions Quality, Regulatory Affairs, labeling, packaging engineering, operations, suppliers, and digital-system owners often maintain separate workflows. Each team may complete its assigned task while an interface remains uncontrolled. For example, changing an instruction for use can affect packaging configuration, translations, technical documentation, inventory disposition, and release controls. Transitions expose unresolved weaknesses Acquisitions and site transfers can introduce conflicting procedures, incomplete knowledge transfer, or different assumptions about validated processes. Regulatory changes add further demands. When these events coincide with CAPA or change-control backlogs, teams may prioritize administrative closure over risk reduction. Without a coordinated impact assessment, local fixes can create new gaps downstream. Establish the Regulatory Baseline Inspection readiness starts with knowing which requirements apply to the product, activity, and market. Pharmaceutical, device, and combination-product obligations are not interchangeable; transfer planning should identify the applicable requirements rather than assume one quality framework covers every operation. According to FDA’s Quality Management System Regulation overview and FAQs, the QMSR became effective on February 2, 2026, incorporates ISO 13485:2016 by reference, and introduced the updated device inspection process under Compliance Program 7382.850. ISO 13485 certification does not exempt a manufacturer from FDA inspection or guarantee compliance with FDA requirements. For devices marketed in the European Union, Regulation (EU) 2017/745, Annex I, Section 23, provides the primary requirements for information supplied with devices, including labels and instructions for use. Teams should assess the applicable provisions alongside relevant language, product-specific, and market requirements. A labeling review should therefore evaluate required content and consistency with the device’s intended purpose and supporting documentation—not merely artwork accuracy. How to Identify the Real Gaps Begin with a cross-functional assessment that follows actual product and information flows. Select representative transfers, label changes, supplier changes, and CAPAs, then trace each from initiation through implementation and effectiveness review. Map dependencies: Identify affected specifications, suppliers, packaging components, systems, validation activities, and training. Compare records with practice: Check whether approved procedures match what operators and reviewers actually do. Test traceability: Follow a requirement through technical documentation, labeling, production instructions, and release evidence. Examine recurrence: Look for repeated deviations, reopened actions, overdue changes, and findings shared across sites. Assess capacity: Determine whether qualified owners have enough time and authority to complete corrective work. Prioritize gaps by potential patient or user harm, regulatory impact, likelihood of recurrence, and detectability. Document the rationale; an old overdue item is not automatically more important than a newly identified high-risk weakness. Align Quality, Labeling, Packaging, and Change Control Create a coordinated remediation plan with one accountable owner for each action, named contributors, acceptance criteria, and required evidence. Separate immediate containment from systemic correction. Containment might prevent obsolete labels from being issued; correction might redesign approval and implementation controls so obsolete versions cannot return. Use change control as the integration point. Before approval, evaluate effects on regulatory submissions or notifications, technical documentation, supplier controls, packaging performance, validation, electronic master data, inventory, and training. Record both identified impacts and justified decisions that particular activities are unaffected. During technology transfer, define readiness gates before production or release responsibilities move. These should address the transfer of process knowledge, acceptance criteria, receiving-site capability, required qualification or validation, approved documents, and personnel competence. The appropriate evidence depends on the product and process; a generic checklist cannot replace a documented assessment. Finally, verify implementation where the work happens. Confirm that current instructions are available, suppliers received approved requirements, systems contain correct versions, and affected personnel can perform their tasks. A signed approval is not evidence that every downstream change took effect. Mistakes That Undermine Inspection Readiness Closing CAPAs on task completion alone: Effectiveness checks should test whether the underlying failure has been controlled. Updating labels in isolation: Assess packaging, supplier, system, documentation, and inventory consequences. Counting closures instead of evidence: Dashboards need defensible records behind their status indicators. ...

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The evolution of pharma packaging has always mirrored the healthcare sector’s needs. Pharmaceutical companies prioritize packaging that:

  • Meets storage specifications to keep drugs uncontaminated
  • Complies with stringent regulations
  • Facilitates efficient market distribution

During the peak of COVID-19, these traits were crucial. Now, as the global economy and supply chains regain stability, the industry must shift focus to the environmental footprint of its packaging.

The pharma sector is a significant CO2 emitter, outpacing even the automotive industry in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. If worldwide healthcare were a country, it would rank fifth in GHG emissions. Drug production and pharmaceutical energy consumption are major contributors, but about 75% of emissions come from the value chain (Scope 3). A substantial part of these Scope 3 emissions, around 15%, stems from packaging. How did we get here?

Traditionally, primary pharma packaging uses plastic or metal. Blister packs for cold or allergy medications, for example, require oil and metal extraction, followed by energy-intensive manufacturing to protect the drugs. Once used, these packs end up in landfills, as they aren’t recyclable. This scenario repeats industry-wide because protecting the package’s contents is paramount.

Consumers, including pharmaceuticals, are increasingly mindful of sustainability, which influences their choices. They demand transparency from companies about environmental impacts and steps to mitigate them. Financial institutions also push for more transparency on environmental risks. Globally operating companies must meet international regulations. As a result, pharmaceutical firms are setting emission-reduction targets. The number of life sciences companies committed to Science-Based Targets initiative (SBTi) goals rose from 7 to 104 from 2019 to 2022.

Given the significant emissions from the pharmaceutical value chain, companies are targeting Scope 3 emissions. This includes addressing packaging as a key emission source and exploring reduction strategies. Safety regulations often restrict primary packaging to materials that offer impermeable barriers, like plastic or metal, making sustainability gains more feasible with secondary packaging.

Secondary packaging, although often overlooked, plays a crucial role. It must shield the product from temperature, light, moisture, gases, rough handling, and microbial contamination, using non-hazardous materials that won’t leach into the drug.

So, what sustainability improvements can we achieve within these constraints?

Here are four suggestions:

  1. Use Renewable Materials: Secondary packaging should be made entirely from renewable resources. While plastics may be ideal for primary packaging, non-fossil-based options for secondary packaging are more sustainable.
  2. Enhance Material Efficiency: Efficient use of materials means less raw material extraction, reduced energy and water usage during production, lighter transportation loads, and less landfill waste.
  3. Partner with Green Suppliers: Choose suppliers who have reduced their production emissions by switching to bio-based energy or improving operational efficiency.
  4. Design for Recyclability: Secondary packaging should be recyclable in standard waste streams. This usually requires a mono-material, paper-based design.

McKinsey’s recent study indicates that redesigning packages or adopting low-carbon materials could cut up to 90% of packaging emissions by 2040.

Paperboard is widely used for secondary packaging in pharma due to its ability to meet necessary requirements. In the U.S., solid bleached sulphate (SBS) and coated recycled board (CRB) dominate the market in terms of printability and perceived sustainability. However, these boards are heavier and often produced with fossil-based energy.

Metsä Board’s carbon footprint assessments, verified by the IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, compared SBS and CRB with Folding Boxboard (FBB). FBB, known for its printability and lightweight strength, can reduce packaging carbon footprints by over 50% compared to SBS and over 60% compared to CRB. These reductions happen to be due to FBB’s light design as well as its production with 90% fossil-free energy.

Balancing sustainability with product safety and efficacy in pharma packaging is now achievable. Pharmaceutical companies must seize this opportunity to minimize value chain emissions and play a pivotal role in combating climate change.

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Technology transfer moves more than manufacturing instructions. It moves process knowledge, supplier dependencies, labeling requirements, packaging specifications, and the evidence needed to demonstrate control. For medical device manufacturers, including those supporting drug-device combination products, these interfaces can become recurring sources of compliance gaps during site transitions, acquisitions, and remediation. The central problem is often not a missing procedure. It is a quality system that allows connected activities to change independently. A label revision may be approved while packaging artwork, supplier instructions, or production-system data still reflect an obsolete version. Staying inspection-ready requires manufacturers to manage these dependencies as one controlled system. Why Compliance Gaps Keep Recurring Findings are treated as documentation defects Revising a procedure can resolve an immediate discrepancy without changing the behavior that caused it. If unclear decision rights, weak escalation, or ineffective training remain, the same failure may surface elsewhere. Corrective and preventive action should distinguish the observed finding from its underlying cause and establish how effectiveness will be demonstrated. Ownership is divided across connected functions Quality, Regulatory Affairs, labeling, packaging engineering, operations, suppliers, and digital-system owners often maintain separate workflows. Each team may complete its assigned task while an interface remains uncontrolled. For example, changing an instruction for use can affect packaging configuration, translations, technical documentation, inventory disposition, and release controls. Transitions expose unresolved weaknesses Acquisitions and site transfers can introduce conflicting procedures, incomplete knowledge transfer, or different assumptions about validated processes. Regulatory changes add further demands. When these events coincide with CAPA or change-control backlogs, teams may prioritize administrative closure over risk reduction. Without a coordinated impact assessment, local fixes can create new gaps downstream. Establish the Regulatory Baseline Inspection readiness starts with knowing which requirements apply to the product, activity, and market. Pharmaceutical, device, and combination-product obligations are not interchangeable; transfer planning should identify the applicable requirements rather than assume one quality framework covers every operation. 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Prioritize gaps by potential patient or user harm, regulatory impact, likelihood of recurrence, and detectability. Document the rationale; an old overdue item is not automatically more important than a newly identified high-risk weakness. Align Quality, Labeling, Packaging, and Change Control Create a coordinated remediation plan with one accountable owner for each action, named contributors, acceptance criteria, and required evidence. Separate immediate containment from systemic correction. Containment might prevent obsolete labels from being issued; correction might redesign approval and implementation controls so obsolete versions cannot return. Use change control as the integration point. Before approval, evaluate effects on regulatory submissions or notifications, technical documentation, supplier controls, packaging performance, validation, electronic master data, inventory, and training. Record both identified impacts and justified decisions that particular activities are unaffected. During technology transfer, define readiness gates before production or release responsibilities move. These should address the transfer of process knowledge, acceptance criteria, receiving-site capability, required qualification or validation, approved documents, and personnel competence. The appropriate evidence depends on the product and process; a generic checklist cannot replace a documented assessment. 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